W/Q: Ibraahim Khadar (ibraahimkhs@hotmail.com)
Hordhac
Waxaa cirka lagu hujuumay
Waxsaa dhulka lagu hubsaday
Waxaa badahaa hugmaaya
Bidhaansha guntooda hoose
Waxaa uumiyaha hanuunshay
WAxaa cudurkii halgaaday
Waxaa jahligii haleelay
Waxaa gaajadii hirdiyey
Horseed cilmiyeed miyaa?
(Hayaan: Allaha u Naxariistee Maxamed Xaashi Dhamac Gaariye)
Fooxa, beenyada iyo dhirta kale ee uduggu waxa ay ka mid yihiin khayraadka dunidu waligeed kala iibsan jirtay amma waxyaabaha laga ganacsado ayey kaalinta u horreeya kaga jiraan. Hadda dunida badankooda way ka dabar go’een, meelo aad u tiro yar oo Somaliland ah, gaar ahaan waxa ay ku hadheen buuraha Caal-madaw.
Waqtiyadii Masaarida, Asiiriyaaniska (Assyrians), Beershiyaanka (Persian), Masandooniyaanka (Macedonia) iyo Kushtigu (Kushites) gacanta ku hayeen ganacsiga dunida waxay aad u jeclaayeen oo ka mid ahaa alaabo ganacsiyeedka ugu qaalisan dhirta uduga oo Fooxu ugu horreeyo, kaasoo boqoradu iyo madaxdu siyaabo kala gedisan oo carfiga iyo dawaba ka mid yihiin u isticmaali jiray (Hull 2008 p.275)
Soomaalida waxa inta badan dhulkeeda ka baxa laba geed oo dhirta udugga ka ah amma fooxa oo kala ah Yagcar (Boswellia frereana) oo xabagta maydiga la yidhaa laga helo iyo Moxor (Boswellia sacra) oo beenyada laga helo.
Haddaba, Dhirtan uduga ah inta badan waxa gacanta ku haya bulsho gaar ah oo Alle hibbo u siiyey in ay degaannadooda ka baxaan, waxaanay sannadkii ka faa’iidaystaan amma gurtaan laba jeer. Waxa ay geedka ka sameeyaan god ay ku dalooliyaan qalab loo yaqaan “Mingaf”, kadibna waxa la daaya 10-15 maalmood inta dheecaanku adkaanaayo, inta la ururiyo ayaa la qalajiyaa oo haweenku shaqadooda ka qabsadaan. Xilli waqtigeedka ugu wanaagsan geedka waxa laga gurta 300-500g oo fooxa.
Marka farsamayntoodu dhammaato waxa loo isticmaala amma loo adeegsadaa siyaabo badan oo faa’iido leh sida in dhaashi laga dhigto, la isku qurxiyo, halka saliidiisa (Essential Oil) laga sameeyo cadarada ugu qaalisan.
Manaafacaadsiga dhirta fooxu inta badan maaha kuwo fudud, sababtoo ah waxa ay ka baxaan meelo aad u dhib badan oo lug uun lagu gaadhi karo, waddo xumo iyo buuro aawadood.
Maqaalkan waxa aynu ku fallanqayn doonaa doodo taagan oo ku saabsan in dhirta udugga ah ee Somaliland ka baxa ay dagaal aqooneed ku soo qadeen dalalka jaarka, Eeshiya iyo Yuruba. Fallanqayn kooban Cilmi-baadhiso laga diyaariyey dhirta fooxa buuraha Caal-madaw ka baxa oo ka dayrisay sii waaristooda iyo sida looga faa’iidaysan karo maxsuulka cilmi-baadhisahan ka soo baxay ee loogu beddeli lahaa fursad wax-qabad oo galdaloolooyinka lagu buuxiyo.
Is-barbardhiga aragtiyada jira ee qaar saska ka qadeen daraasadahaas, kuwo kalena ay u arkaan in xal lagu raadin karo.
Doodaha Jira
Waddamada aqoonta ku horumaray ee dawlad ahaan xooggan marka ay doonayaan in ay meel khalkhal geliyaan amma ay indhaha ka soo jeediyaan waxay isticmalaan aqoon iyo lacag (Expert knowledge and financial aid). Hubka ugu cawaandisan ee loo adeegsado cida ay doonayaan in ay ka guulaystaan waa Cilmi-baadhis (Research) oo kharash badan kaga baxo, haddii taasi waxba ka tari waydana waxa loo adeegsada caawimo loogu dhuunto (Humanitarian Aid or donor activities) xoogga wax-soo-saarka oo ah shacabka. Dagaal aqooneedkan (Knowledge Revolutions) waa kuwo inta badan ku socda dunida saddexaad ee Somaliland iyo Soomaaliyaba ka midka yihiin.
Waxa warbixinaha soo baxaya waqtigan sheegeen in dhirta fooxu ay laba kaydmood uun ku hadheen; waa kaynta Caal-madow ee Gobolka sanaag iyo kayn Kuwayd ku taala, balse ta Kuwayd waxa la sheegay in tayo ahaan ay ka wanaagsanaatay ta Caal-madow, sababtoo ah tooda maaha mid dabiici ah, ta faa’iidada dunida ka leh ee saliidaha la isku qurxiyo, uduga iyo dawada laga sameeya waa ta dabiiciga ah. Sidaa darteed, waxa la damcay in warbaahinta lagu weeraro oo la sheego in kayta Somaliland dambar go’ ku dhaw dahay, balse taasi way suuroobi wayday oo ganacsatadu waxay u baahdeen alaab dihin oo ka iibgasha suuqyada dunidana ay ku kacdo.
Cilmi-baadhis ay samayeen koox ay hormood u ahayd gabadh la yidhaa Anjanette DeCarlo oo ah khabiir degaanka ah, Agaasimena ka ah Kooxda Ilaalinta Cal-madaw (Conserve Cal Madow) waxay dabayaaqadii 2016 soo bandhigtay cilmi-baadhis ay ka samaysay dhirta udugga (Resin and Frankinscene) ee ka baxa Gobolka Sanaag. Daraasadeedu waxay xambaarsanayd war dhiilo leh oo ka dhawaajiyey in dhirtaa taariiga ah ee jiil ba jiil ka sii dhaxay ay khatar badan ku sugan yihiin.
Maxsuulka daraasadan ka soo baxay waxa uu keenay inuu soo jiito indhaha warbaahinta caalamka. Waxa lagu daabacay meelo badan oo qoraal ahaan iyo muqaal ahaanba looga sameeyey, haddii il caafimaad qabta lagu akhriyana waxa ka muuqata in xataa laga faa’iidaysan karo dhaliisha ay tilmaameen qoraalada iyo warbixinaha ka dhashay daraasadaas. Qaar ka mid ah links iyo goobaha lagu daabacay muqaal iyo qoraalaba waa sidan;
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQE1wJz2_0E
• http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/12/24/world-last-wild-frankincense-forests-are-under-threat.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NghzyuDxwv4
• http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/worlds-last-wild-frankincense-forests-are-under-threat/articleshow/56153711.cms
• http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4063560/Worlds-wild-frankincense-forests-threat.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YHeeKSObDo&t
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atwp2H0AqkM
Warbixinaha iyo fallanqaynahaas oo luuqada Ingiriisiga u badnaa waxay xoojiyeen uun daraasadeeda, maadaama ay ahaayeen kuwo xiganaayey natiijada ka soo baxday baadhista kooxdan.
Haddaba, marka laga yimaado aragtiyda fog ee ku hoos duugan daraasadan oo lagu ogaan karo uun daraasad ku lidi, waxa laga eegi kara dhinac kale oo faya-qab ah. Waxa aan ka mid ahaa goob-joogayasha fursada u helay in ay ka qaybgalaan kulan lagu soo bandhigay cilmi-baadhistan oo laga jeedisay Hargeysa, waxa ka soo baxay qodobo muhiim ah oo muujiyey waxyaabo keeni kara in haddii sidooda lagu dawado khatar ay gelin karaan dhirtaas, haddii la baadhana guul laga gaadhi karo, xataa haddii ay beenoobaan istaraatijad laga yeelan karo si aanay u dhicin.
Qodobada ugu muhiimsan ee cilmi-baadhistaas qaylo-dhaanta ka dirtay in ay khatar ku yihiin dhirta udugga waxa ka mid ah;
1. Isticmaalka xad-dhaafka (Overharvesting) ah ee fooxa iyo beenyada oon siyaasad ka oolin.
2. In dhirta loo jaro si xirfad la’aan ah oo keeni karta in ay dabar go’do
3. In Khilaafka khayrkaadkan sababaayo xasilooni darro iyo rabshado bulshada dhexdeeda ah.
4. Goynta dhirtan in ay saboolnimo hormood ka noqonayso
5. Barakac iyo degaan burbur
6. Qaadka oo cunistiisa fursad loo helo marka shaqadan meesha ka baxdo
7. Dabin saboolnimo (Poverty Trap)
8. In meesha laga waayo khayraad soo jireen ah oo degaanka macno u yeelaayey
9. Niyad-jab iyo rajo-beel
10. Aaminaad darro iyo cadaawad sii korodha oo loo qaado dawladda, shirkadaha, heshiisyada laba geesoodyada ah (Multilateral) iyo bulshada rayidka ah.
11. Cadaadiska bulsheed oo sii kordha, taasoo keeni karta rabshado sabab u noqda muranno reereed oo ka dhasha maaraynta dhulka.
Sida dhaqanka ah daraasad marka la sameeyo waxa ka soo baxa tallo soo jeediyo lagu iftiiminaayo waxyaabaha xalka u noqon kara dhibaatada la helay amma la darsay. Sidaa darteed, cilmi-baadhistu waxa kale oo ay muujisay in dhibaatooyinkaas oo jira ay haddana rajo aad u xooggan meesha taal, gaar ahaan in ay jiraan dhir baxaysa oo beddeli karta kuwa hore ee dhibtu u soo gaadhay, haddii loo xannaanayso, loona mareeyo sida ugu habboon ay kaymaha uduggu badbadayaan. Sidoo kale haddii laga faa’iidaysto arrimahan soo socda oo aan ku doodaayo in ay yihiin talo-soo jeedinno qiimo badan oo daraasada ku jira in guul laga gadhaayo dagaal-ganacsiyeedka; waa haddii sida loogu talaglay si ka duwan loo adeegsado oo la buuxiyo galdaloolooyinka, daraasado muujinaya guulahana la sameeyo.
1. In la sameeyo Gole heer bulsho ah (Council of Frankincense-Producing Communities), oo ka shaqeeya soo saariska fooxa iyo udugga, waayo daraasada waxa ay sheegtay in odayaasha degaanku aad uga murugaysanaayeen, kana cadhaynaayeen in aanay bulshadooda ku matalin amma laga qaybgelin hawlahan.
1. In la yagleelo urur ka ganacsiga dhoofinta fooxa (Frankincense’s Exporter’s Association) iyo xeerka anshaxa ka ganacsiga iyo gurista fooxa (Business code of conduct for harvesting) oo ka hortaga qodobadan;
o In aan jirida geedka la dilaacin
o In aan geedka aad loo dhaawicin
o U ogolaanaya in geedku nashasho helo
o Lagu ilaalinaayo xuquuqda dadka dhulka leh amma dhirta beerta
2. In la soo saaro go’aan dawladeed amma heer qaran ah oo lagu mabnuucaayo in si xad-dhaaf ah loo gurto (Overharvesting) dhirta fooxa.
3. In la sameeyo Unugga ilaalada kaynta (Forest Protection Unit). Waxa ay halkan ku muujisay in unuggan noqon karaan wadaag dawladda iyo ganacsatada ka dhexeeya (Public-Private entity).
4. la taageero kormeerada lagu samaynaayo degaannada dhirtan ka baxdo ee hadda socda (Ongoing Ecological Monitoring), iyadoo laga faa’iidaysanaayo xogta la hayo iyo sawirrada satalaydadu qadeen.
5. In la yagleelo Guddidi heer bulsho ah(Community-based forest Protection and Education Initiative) oo ilaainta kaydka iyo waxbarista ah. Si dadka loo baro faa’iidada dhirta, taariikhdooda, qiimaha ay leeyihiin dhaqan ahaan iyo diin ahaanba.
Cilmi-baadhista Salkeeda
Cilmi-badhayaashan markii ay degaanka gadheen ee ay u xadhko xidheen in ay xogtooda urursadaan, waxa ku kacay kacdoono bulsheed oo ay hormood ka ahaayeen odayaasha degaanka, waxaana laga istaagay meel adag in ay faraha la galaan khayraadka ay ku tamaan dadka degaanku, balse kulanno kala gedisan oo ay la qateen iyo doodo adag oo ay la galeen dadka degaanka waxa la isla meel dhigay in odayaashu ogadaan maxsuulka soo baxa ka hor inta aan la faafin, ka horna laga qanciyo sida loo qabanaayo, ballana lagu qaado in aan la farafarayn dhirta, sidiina way dhacday, inkastoo dhibaatada jirtay ay ahayd in aanay jirin cid il-khibradeed amma aqooneed ku eeg a (Scholar’s view) sadaasha daraasada iyo cida ay dabada ku hayn karaan khubaradan ee ka doonaysay cilmi-baadhista in ay u soo sameeyaan, balse odayaasha iyo dadka degaanka uun baa ku qancay aqoontooda meel ay dhigtaba, iyagoo adeegsaday waayo-aragnimada ay u lahaayeen degaanka, Xogtii soo baxday lala wadaag aragti ay yeelatayba.
Muddo yar uun kadib, waxa soo baxday in warbaahin badan oo caalamka ah (eeg lingaxyada sare) ay soo dabaceen warbixino iyo fallanqayno ay ciwaankooda oo far waaweyn ku qoran uga dhigeen sidan; “Kaydtii Kaliya ee fooxa ahayd ee dunida ka hadhay oo khatar ku sugan” (World’s last wild frankincense forests are under threat), iyagoo u jeeda Kaynta Caal-madow ee Gobolka Sanaag.
Geesta kale, Dr. Anjanette DeCarlo oo shahaada sare ee PhD ka sitada fallanqaynta degaanka iyo Saleem H. Ali oo laf ahaantiisu shahaadada PhD sita wada diyaariyeen sannadkii 2014 daraasad kale oo ka hadlaysa shirkadaha fooxa Somaliland (Sustainable Sourcing of Phytochemical as Development Tool: The Case of Somaliland’s Frankincense Industry). Waxa daraasadan ka soo baxday in Soomaalidu qiimo aad u jaban fooxa kaga iibin jirtay Carabta oo waligeed la khiyaamayn jiray. Dhiig-miiradka Soomaalida lagu hayey muddoyinka badana, xataa gumaystihii muddada dheer haystay ugama uu digin, mana uu fahansiin. Waxa kale oo maxsuulka qormo-aqooneedka ku jirtay in maamuladii kala gedisanaa ee Soomalida isku dayeen in arrinta ay wajahaan, balse ay ku guul darraysteen, balse dadka degaanku waxa ay waraysiga khubaradu la yeesheen ku sheegeen in dawladdii millateriga ahayd ee Siyaad Barre intii ay talada arrinta wax ka qabatay oo dadka fooxa beerta lagaga iibsan jiray qiimo aad u badna, waliba dawladda oo kaliya ayey ahayd cidda iibsata.
Daraasaddan ka ganacsiga fooxa ay kaga hadlayeen Dr. Decarlo iyo Saleem H. Ali oo uu daabacay Mac-hadka Diblomaasiyadda iyo Ammaanka Degaanka (Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security) ee Jaamacadda Fermont (University of Vermont) March, 2014, waxa ugu muhiimsana natiijada ka oo baxday;
• In waqtigii rijiimkii Siyaad Barre talinaayey, sharkadaha ka ganacsada fooxa dawladdu aad u xakamayn jirtay. Wax-soo-saarkoodana dawladdu kaga iibsan jirtay qiimo jaango’an, tusaale ahaan halkii kiilo laga siisan jiray $50 oo ahayd heerka ugu sarraysa.
• Waqtigan (2014) dadka fooxa gurta waxay fooxa ka iibiyaan qof kasta oo ay fursad u helaan oo iibsanaaya, kaasoo gorgortan ganacsi la gala, qiimuhuna hoos ugu noqday inta u dhexaysa $2-$10 halkii kiiloo.
• Xaaladda ganacsi ee dunida ka jirta waxay saamayn aad u daran ku yeelatay dhirta fooxa oo khatar ku jirta waaridda suuqa iibka fooxa.
• Gurashada sharci-darrada ah ee fooxu waxay keentay in si aan habbonayn loo gurto.
Daraasadahan aad moodo in ay maxsuul ahaan is-dhammaystirayaan waxay kuumuujinayaan in kooxdan cilmi-badhayaasha ah ee Dr. Anjanette DeCarlo horkacayso ay dabo taagnayeen kaymaha fooxa Somaliland muddo dheer xogta aynu hayno mid ka badana ay heleen, gaar ahaan cilmi-baadhistooda hore ee qormo-aqooneedka ah waxay u soo jiiday in daraasada dambe laga codsaday oo kharash lagu bixiyey si loo sii ogaado, xog dheeradana looga helo. Cida ka codsatayna ay tahay cida qarsoon ee ujeeddada leh.
Haddaba, cilmi-baadhista hore waxa aragtiyo kala duwan ka bixiyey dadka degaanka oo qaar badan u arkeen in ganacsiga fooxa lagu curyaaminayo. Waxa aragtiyahan hormood ka ah shirkadaha ganacsatada ee isku hirdiyaaya suuqa iib-geynta fooxa oo u arkay in ganacsigoodu dhaawacmaayo haddii daraasadan suuqyada ganacsiga lagu isticmaalo, shacabkana laga dhaadhiciyo amm dawladdu isticmalaan si ay siyaasad uga soo saarto khayraadkaas. Waxa faaftay dayaacad iyo qancin xagga dadka ah oo maankooda lagu gelinaayo in ay cilmi-baadhistan iyo wararka soo baxaya dagaal ku yihiin khayraadka dadku quutal-daruurigooda ka helaan.
Waxa kale oo jirta aragtiyo aqoonyahanka ah oo tilmaamaya in daraasadaan muujisay arrin caadi ah oo ka jirta inta badan degaannada khilafaadka ka soo kabtay ee ay ragaadiyeen dhibaatooyinka degaanka iyo dabargo’a khayrkaadka dabiiciga. Waxa hubaal ah in daraasado iyo cilmi-baadhis kasta loo adeegsado hub ahaan, balse ka hor tag ay noqon karto haddii hubkaas laga dhigo mid dawo u noqda dhibta la fagaayo. Tusaale ahaan haddii gal-daloolooyinka la iftiimiyey loo beddelo fursad wax-qabad waxay noqonaysa in miishaartii la afaysanaayey meesha ka baxdo oo ay af beesho oo guul laga gaadho in degaanka la badbaadiyo, ganacsigii iyo sii haysashada suuqa caalamkuna u soo jeestaan xagga Somaliland, lagana badiyo cid kasta oo dagaal ku soo qaaday khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee dunida naadirka ku noqday. Waxa kaloo bannaan in daraasad taas ku lidi ah la sameeyo oo la beeniyo, lana muujiyo in degaanku aannu wax dhib ah qabin.
Hubaal waxa jira siyaasaddo badan oo degaanka lagu ilaalinaayo, way qoran yihiin uun, si xirfadaysana waa loo diyaariyey, laakiin waxa jira dhibaato guud oo ah in aan siyaasadahaba la hirgelin oo fulintooda caqabad adag ka jirto, waxa kuwaasna qayb ka ah Siyaasadda Degaanka Somaliland (Somaliland Environmental Policy) (J. Awale, 2009). Haddii dawladdu soo saarto siyaasad, dhaqan-gelinteedana xoogga saarto waxa biyo-kama-dhibcaan ah in dhib kasta xalkeeda la helaayo.
Aqoonta cilmi-baadhiseed oo la dhisaa waxay ka mid tahay hubka la iskaga difaaci karo aqoon ku dagaallanka hadda dunida ka jira (Knowledge War), waayo hadda waxa la marayaa casrigii aqoonta hub ahaan loo adeegsanayey, haddii laga hadhana burbur iyo jabkaagu wuu fududaanayaa.
Xigasho:
1. J.Awale. (2009). Somaliland’s Major Environmental Challenges. http://www.weedhsan.com/index.php/8-war/5935-somalilands-major-environmental-challenges, retrivied January 31, 2017.
2. DeCarlo, A., & Ali, S. H. (2014). Sustainable Sourcing of Phytochemicals as a Development Tool: The Case of Somaliland’s Frankincense Industry. University of Vermont.
3. Hull, B. Z. (2008). Frankincense, myrrh, and spices: the oldest global supply chain?. Journal of Macromarketing, 28(3), 275-288.