• Russia has been expanding its involvement in Africa, establishing security and economic partnerships with various nations.

The U.S. opposition to the Somaliland-Ethiopia Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) reflects broader regional dynamics. The U.S. has historically supported the concept of a unified Somalia, largely for reasons related to counter-terrorism, stability, and political alignment in the Horn of Africa. This policy stems from its broader objective to ensure regional security, particularly with the persistent threat of al-Shabaab in Somalia. By backing Somalia’s sovereignty claim, the U.S. seeks to prevent any fragmentation that could destabilize the already fragile state. However, this stance fails to acknowledge Somaliland’s three-decade history of stability, democratic governance, and de jure independence from Somalia.

The MOU, which would allow Ethiopia access to the Red Sea via Somaliland’s Berbera port, holds significant,

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